How much of our behavior is determined by our genes and how much by our environment? Fiercely debated but not fully resolved, we continue to grapple with this nature-vs-nurture question. But data from the study of the developing and adult brain are providing us with new ways of thinking about this issue - ways that, finally, promise answers. Whether our personality, our intelligence, and our behavior are more likely to be shaped and affected by our environment or our genetic coding is not simply an idle question for today's researchers. There are tremendous consequences to understanding the crucial role that each plays. How we raise and educate our children, how we treat various mental diseases or conditions, how we care for our elderly - these are just some of the issues that can be informed by a better and more complete understanding of brain development.